Figure 4. Optical frequency combs function as a clockwork between the radio and optical frequency domains; they can both upconvert radio frequencies into a multitude of uniformly spaced, phase coherent optical frequencies, or equivalently, divide an optical frequency down to a radio frequency where it can be processed with high speed electronics. A frequency comb can be referenced to an optical atomic transition, thereby providing the ticks of an extremely precise clock.
Image credit: Keck Institute for Space Studies / Chuck Carter.